ethylene glycol poisoning dog

Clinicopathologic findings were retrospectively evaluated in 26 cats and 24 dogs with ethylene glycol intoxication. The Merck Veterinary Manual was first published in 1955 as a service to the community. Lastly, a special black-light lamp (Wood’s lamp) can sometimes be used to examine the urine, muzzle, and paws of the patient to look for the presence of the warning dye which is added to automotive antifreeze. Common clinical signs were ataxia, depression, vomiting, and hypothermia. Hyperphosphatemia has been seen in dogs within 3 hr of ingestion of commercial antifreeze solutions that contain phosphate rust inhibitors. However, during this stage, dogs become dehydrated, and develop an elevated breathing and heart rate. Dogs like sweet things. Coma By as early as 24 hours after ingestion, insufficient ethylene glycol remains to allow detection on this blood test; however, the damage to your pet’s body from ethylene glycol has already occurred. The trusted provider of veterinary information since 1955, Insecticides, Acaricides, and Molluscicides. Some common signs of antifreeze poisoning in dogs and cats include: 1. Especially if your dog has only licked a bit of motor oil. Ethylene glycol poisoning is divided into three stages. 5 The mortality rate in dogs is reported to range from 59% to 70% 1, 5 and is thought to be even higher in cats. Calcium oxalate crystals form within the lumina of tubules as water is reabsorbed from the glomerular filtrate and the pH decreases (smaller numbers of calcium oxalate crystals may also be observed in the adventitia of blood vessel walls throughout the body). Acidosis (acidic blood) can also be detected through the biochemistry profile. A pharmacokinetic study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of lower doses of ethanol in the treatment of ethylene glycol (EG) poisoning. CNS depression begins soon after exposure, lasting for up to 12 hours after ingestion. Renal tubular epithelial necrosis with calcium oxalate crystals in the tubular lumina is the characteristic finding of EG intoxication. Excessive urination 6. All dogs were anesthetized … Ethylene glycol poisoning can set in rather quickly after the dog consumes it and will actually occur in stages. ©Copyright VCA Hospitals all rights reserved. The prognosis for these animals is guarded to poor. A test to determine the blood levels can be done at some veterinary diagnostic laboratories or human hospitals. Dogs must be treated within 8-12 hours of ingesting antifreeze, as the antidote only has a narrow time period to work. During this stage, severe kidney failure is developing secondary to calcium oxalate crystals forming in the kidneys. EG is rapidly absorbed from the GI tract; in dogs, blood concentrations of EG peak within 3 hr of ingestion. Ethylene glycol, a sweet-tasting, odorless liquid, is the active ingredient in antifreeze. Prompt, immediate treatment is necessary in order to save a dog … Whereas all animal species are susceptible, to ethylene glycol toxicity, cats … but he is free to roam three acres … • Dogs treated less than 5 hours following ingestion of ethylene glycol—prognosis is excellent with fomepizole treatment • Dogs treated up to 8 hours following ingestion of ethylene glycol—most recover • Dogs treated up to 36 hours following ingestion of ethylene glycol—may benefit from prevention of … This depression appears similar to ethanol intoxication, but without the characteristic odor of alcohol. Propylene glycol poisoning in dogs is caused by ingesting propylene glycol. There is no known exposure to drugs, medications, toxins, compost, garbage, etc. Pulmonary edema and hemorrhagic gastroenteritis are common secondary findings in dogs and cats. Poultry usually do not develop gross lesions. Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA is a global healthcare leader working to help the world be well. Last full review/revision May 2013 | Content last modified May 2013, © 2020 Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., a subsidiary of Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA), © 2020 Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., a subsidiary of Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA, Overview of Health-Management Interaction: Small Animals, Monitoring the Critically Ill Animal Using The Rule of 20. Renal ultrasonographic changes were evaluated in 5 dogs administered 10 ml of commercial antifreeze (95% ethylene glycol)/kg of body weight, PO, and in 2 dogs given placebos. Ethylene glycol toxicosis is a type of poisoning that occurs after ingestion of antifreeze or other fluids containing the ingredient ethylene glycol. Ingestion of ethylene glycol, commonly used as antifreeze, is a common method of accidental poisoning in dogs. Wobbly, uncoordinated movement 4. Calif Vet 52, 18-22. Calcium oxalate crystalluria may be observed as early as 3 and 6 hr after ingestion in cats and dogs, respectively. Oxalate is not further metabolized and is cytotoxic to the renal tubular epithelium and exacerbates the metabolic acidosis. Comp Contin Educ Pract Vet 21 (12), 1124-1133 VetMedResource. We do not control or have responsibility for the content of any third-party site. Monitoring urine pH may also be helpful, with a goal of maintaining the urine pH between 7.0 and 7.5. He has also been trembling. Approximately 50% of ingested EG is excreted unchanged by the kidneys; however, a series of oxidation reactions in the liver and kidneys metabolize the remaining EG. It is important to recognize the signs that accompany ethylene glycol poisoning with your dog or cat. Ethylene glycol poisoning is common because antifreeze is widely used, it has a sweet taste and small lethal dose (only 3 to 4 teaspoons in dogs, 1 to 2 teaspoons in cats), and it … In cats, 4-MP is ineffective at the canine dosage, and either a higher, extra-label dosage (125 mg/kg initially, followed by 31.3 mg/kg at 12, 24, and 36 hr after the initial dose) or ethanol is used. Dogs may be attracted to ethylene glycol by its sweet taste. Diagnosis is often difficult because the nonspecific multisystemic signs may appear similar to other types of CNS disease or trauma, gastroenteritis, pancreatitis, ketoacidotic diabetes mellitus, and acute renal failure due to renal ischemia or other nephrotoxicants. These 95% commercial antifreeze preparations are diluted ~50% with water when used in vehicle cooling systems. Glycolaldehyde is then rapidly metabolized to glycolic acid. Progressive depression, lethargy, lack of appetite, vomiting, seizures, coma, and death may be seen. Pigs may also have pulmonary edema with tan fluid in the pleural and peritoneal cavities. Cattle may become depressed, tachypneic, and ataxic, and develop paraparesis or recumbency. Euphoria/Delirium 3. Additional doses of bicarbonate based on the above formula are frequently necessary. Weakness 10. Pet Poison Helpline is available in North America by calling 800-213-6680. When A Dog’s Sweet Tooth And Cars Collide. How do dogs get ethylene glycol poisoning? Stage 3 (24 to 72 hours) kidney failure is the result of ethylene glycol poisoning. A urinalysis may also confirm ethylene glycol poisoning and underlying kidney damage by the presence of dilute urine containing blood, protein, cellular casts (plugs of cells which have taken the shape of dying tubules in the kidneys), and calcium oxalate crystals (which are seen with ethylene glycol poisoning). Oliguric acute renal failure usually develops between 12 and 24 hr in cats and between 36 and 72 hr in dogs. When in doubt, you or your veterinarian can contact Pet Poison Helpline (800-213-6680) 24/7 for life-saving assistance in managing a poisoned patient. EG concentrations in serum and urine are detectable by 1–2 hr after ingestion. 4-Methylpyrazole (4-MP, fomepizole) effectively inactivates alcohol dehydrogenase in dogs without the adverse effects of ethanol and is the treatment of choice. Ethylene glycol toxicosis is a type of poisoning that occurs in dogs after ingestion of antifreeze or other fluids containing the ingredient ethylene glycol. Please confirm that you are a health care professional. One-half of this dose should be given IV slowly to prevent overdose, and plasma bicarbonate concentrations should be monitored every 4–6 hr. The legacy of this great resource continues as the Merck Veterinary Manual in the US and Canada and the MSD Manual outside of North America. As little as half a teaspoon per pound of a dog’s body weight can result in fatality. In dogs and cats with azotemia or in oliguric acute renal failure, inhibition of alcohol dehydrogenase is of little benefit, because almost all of the EG has already been metabolized. In addition, a test kit that can be used in the veterinary clinic is available to detect the amount of ethylene glycol present in the bloodstream. Cutaneous absorption from topical products that contain EG has been reported to cause toxicity in cats. Ethylene glycol (EG) poisoning is common in dogs and cats 1 – 4 and often results in death if it is not diagnosed and treated promptly. Further absorption of EG is prevented by induction of emesis or gastric lavage (or both) within 1–2 hr of ingestion, although the rapidity of EG absorption from the GI tract suggests these procedures may not be beneficial. Signs of SLUD are most consistent with exposure to which of the following classes of chemicals? Additional information can be found online at www.petpoisonhelpline.com. Poultry may become drowsy, ataxic, dyspneic, and recumbent; torticollis, ruffled feathers, and watery droppings are also seen. The dose of 4-MP (5% solution [50 mg/mL]) is 20 mg/kg body wt, IV, initially, followed by 15 mg/kg, IV, at 12 and 24 hr, and 5 mg/kg, IV, at 36 hr. EG intoxication occurs most commonly in temperate and cold climates, because antifreeze is used both to decrease the freezing point and to increase the boiling point of radiator fluid. Drunken behavior 2. Treatment should include correction of fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base disorders and, if possible, induction of diuresis. It is critical that you bring your dog to a veterinary clinic if you know or even suspect that he has consumed ethylene glycol, or if he is exhibiting any of the early symptoms. Toxic metabolites of EG cause severe metabolic acidosis and renal tubular epithelial damage. A dog with ethylene glycol poisoning might suddenly start peeing every couple of minutes, or might develop urinary incontinence and have trouble "holding it." The first of two rate-limiting biotransformation steps is the production of glycoaldehyde from EG by the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase. Stage 3 - (36-72 hours after ingestion): At this stage, signs of severe kidney dysfunction, which is characterized by swollen, painful kidneys and the production of minimal to no urine, may occur. , DVM, MS, DACVIM, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University. The acronym SLUD stands for salivation, lacrimation, urination, and defecation, which are the clinical signs associated with muscarinic cholinergic overstimulation caused by certain toxins. Glyoxylic acid is rapidly metabolized to formic acid, carbon dioxide, glycine, serine, and oxalate. Ethylene glycol damages doggie kidneys by acting as a magnet for calcium. Pet Poison Helpline is not directly affiliated with LifeLearn. It is most commonly encountered as automotive antifreeze.Diethylene glycol behaves similarly to ethylene glycol in an overdose. When in doubt, if you suspect your dog has ingested ethylene glycol, immediate veterinary attention is imperative as the prognosis is very poor once clinical signs have developed. Ethylene glycol can also be found, in lower, less harmful, concentrations, in some windshield de-icing agents, hydraulic brake fluid, motor oils, solvents, paints, film processing solutions, wood stains, inks, printer cartridges, etc. The metabolic acidosis associated with metabolism of EG is corrected by administration of sodium bicarbonate. EG is rapidly absorbed from the GI tract; in dogs, blood concentrations of EG peak within 3 hr of ingestion. Emergency Situations, Treatment, Pet Services. While the above treatment is appropriate for ethylene glycol poisoning in dogs, where it has already been metabolized this may not help. Propylene glycol is not as toxic as another common antifreeze ingredient known as ethylene glycol; however, it is still poisonous and dogs require medical treatment if ingested. If 4-MP is not available, an ethanol regimen (5.5 mL of 20% ethanol/kg body wt, IV, every 4 hr for five treatments and then every 6 hr for four additional treatments) is recommended. Four dogs were maintained at serum ethanol concentrations of 0, 35 and 140 mg/dl prior to EG (i.v., 2 ml/kg) administration. Ethylene Glycol Poisoning in Dogs. Ethylene glycol has a very narrow margin of safety – which means only a tiny amount can result in severe poisoning. Within 24 hours, some animals show apparent improvement which may prevent pet owners from realizing that their pet is in r… Again, because the antidote (fomepizole) is only effective if given within 8-12 hours in dogs, it is imperative that you see a veterinarian immediately. (Blog #83) Dec 29, 2020 | Blog, Companion Blog, Dog Care, Dogs. Ethylene glycol (C2H6O2 Ethylene glycol is an odorless, colorless, sweet-tasting syrupy substance with a molecular weight of 62.07, freezing point of -13°C and a boiling point of 197.6°C. Dogs may be attracted to ethylene glycol by its sweet taste. Car radiator coolant is the most dangerous because it can be made up entirely of ethylene glycol. Depression 9. Ethanol is the treatment of choice for cats and is administered for up to 64 hours. Oxalate also combines with calcium to form a soluble complex that is excreted via glomerular filtration. It’s extremely important that you have your dog seen by a veterinarian as quickly as possible after ingestion of anything that contains ethylene glycol. Serum osmolality can be increased as much as 100 mOsm/kg above normal (280–310 mOsm/kg) within 3 hr of EG ingestion. The poison primarily affects the kidneys and can do irreversible damage. Calcium oxalate crystals appear birefringent when viewed with polarized light. Clinical signs are dose- and time-dependent and can be divided into those caused by unmetabolized EG and those caused by its toxic metabolites. Diagnosis, Treatment, Prognosis and Prevention. Potential sources of ethylene glycol in the environment include antifreeze (the most common source of ethylene glycol poisoning), air-conditioning coolants, brake fluid, heat exchange fluids from so… Contributors: Kristiina Ruotsalo, DVM, DVSc, Dip ACVP & Margo S. Tant BSc, DVM, DVSc & Ahna Brutlag, DVM, MS, DABT, DABVT, Veterinarian approved Preventive Care products. In colder climates, the incidence of EG intoxications is seasonal, with most cases occurring in the fall, winter, and early spring, when antifreeze is added to radiator fluid or when cooling systems are flushed. In addition, antifreeze may be ingested by way of intentional poisoning or because it is the only available liquid in cold weather. This testing method is very accurate, but not always available in the middle of the night. This hyperphosphatemia resolves before the onset of EG-induced acute renal failure and azotemia, then recurs when the animal becomes azotemic. From developing new therapies that treat and prevent disease to helping people in need, we are committed to improving health and well-being around the world. A bit of motor oil and recumbent ; torticollis, ruffled feathers, and ;! 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But they have taste buds that detect sugars ethylene glycol poisoning dog like we do for ethylene glycol damages doggie kidneys acting! Should include correction of fluid, electrolyte, and ataxic, and watery droppings are also seen have edema. And 72 hr in cats, this stage occurs 12–24 hours after consuming antifreeze comp Contin Educ Pract Vet (! With polarized light tubular epithelium and exacerbates the metabolic acidosis and renal tubular epithelial damage very accurate, not... Qualitative adjunctive test in suspected EG ingestions in people and may be ingested by way ethylene glycol poisoning dog intentional poisoning because! Fluids used in solar collectors and ice-rink freezing equipment and some brake and transmission fluids of. Drink less ; however, the activity of alcohol similarly to ethylene glycol by its sweet..

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